Towards a Glass New World: The Role of Ion-Exchange in Modern
In these conditions, the ion-exchange process was triggered: the silver ions diffused inside the glass replacing the alkaline ions, such as sodium, widely present in the
Abstract: Sodium induced shunting continues to be a challenging issue in crystalline Si solar modules. Potential-Induced Degradation of the Shunting type (PID-s) has been linked to Na, but the source is unclear. In this paper we evaluate the ion migration kinetics in encapsulant material under operational conditions.
The sodium diffusion either from the glass substrate or from the Mo rear contact plays a large role in the grain growth of the CIGS absorber layer, as the sodium can promote the grain growth of the CIGS absorber layer. Na diffusion to the front surface of the CIGS absorber is beneficial for forming large crystallites near the front surface.
Glass-glass encapsulation, low-iron tempered glass, and anti-reflective coatings improve light management, durability, and efficiency. Advances in glass compositions, including rare-earth doping and low-melting-point oxides, further optimize photon absorption and conversion processes.
For example, the Se/M ratio of the absorbers formed on Dia/Mo substrates was the highest (1.25) of the three investigated glass substrate types. Thus, Na can assist the incorporation of Se into the absorber by the formation of Na 2 Se x.
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